Composition that prevents damage to trees by harmful insects and a prevention method thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a composition comprising a neonicotinoid-based compound having a high degree of insecticidal activity, a surfactant, and an organic solvent, which is capable of demonstrating stable effects and in which the types and amounts of surfactant and organic solvent are adjusted so as to prevent chemical damage in numerous types of trees. In addition, the present invention relates to a method for preventing damage to trees by harmful insects of numerous types of trees by injecting this composition into a tree trunk and allowing the chemical to circulate within the tree body.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a method for preventing damage to treesby injecting into the trunk of a tree a composition that prevents damageto trees by harmful insects, and more particularly, to a method forpreventing damage to trees by injecting into a trunk the composition inwhich the type and content of the surfactant is adjusted to a trunkinjection preparation comprised of an insecticide or bactericide activeingredient and an organic solvent according to differences in aqueoussolubility of the active ingredient and the type of trees.

BACKGROUND ART

Organisms that are harmful to trees that proliferate from spring throughfall eat into the leaves, branches or tree body, and may impair treegrowth or occasionally cause the tree to die. In addition, there arealso a considerable number of harmful insects that are harmful topeople, and damage is prevented or harmful insects are eradicated usingvarious methods.

Although the method of spraying chemicals has primarily been employed inthe past to prevent damage to trees by harmful organisms, in the case ofscenic trees planted in parks, schools or residential areas, since thisspraying has the risk of having an effect on the living environment ofsurrounding residents or causing chemical damage to the paint ofautomobiles and buildings, various restrictions have been placed onspraying.

In order to overcome these restrictions, trunk injection preparationshave conventionally been used, in the case of pine trees in particular.Trunk injection preparations currently in use are targeted at pine woodnematodes, and prevent the death of pine trees by dispersing a chemicalinside the tree body and eradicating pine wood nematodes thatinfiltrated therein. Although these active ingredients have insecticidalactivity against pine wood nematodes, they are not recognized to haveinsecticidal effects on the Japanese pine sawyer that damages pine treebranches using pine wood nematodes as a medium.

In addition, in the case where the aqueous solubility of the activeingredient is low, proposals have been made to improve dispersivity of achemical inside the tree body by preparing a solubilizing preparationcontaining a surfactant (Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. Hei8-175914). However, damage in the form of leaf discoloration and leaffall occur in the case of injecting existing trunk injectionpreparations into trees other than pine trees using these technologies.

In addition, a chemical is used for cherry trees in which an organicphosphorus-based insecticide known as acephate filled into awater-soluble capsule is contained in a cartridge and then pounded intoa tree trunk using a hammer and so forth to eradicate leaf-eatinginsects such as the fall webworm and cherry caterpillar. Since thischemical is pounded into a tree body after filling only the activeingredient into a capsule, it is thought to have problems with stabilityof the effects in consideration of the dispersivity of the chemicalinside the tree body. In addition, since a cartridge must be pounded infor each 10 cm of the trunk circumference, and the cartridge remainsinside the tree trunk, it also has the problem of placing a considerableburden on the tree.

The object of the present invention is to provide a composition thatprevents damage to trees with only a small amount that solves theproblems of trunk injection preparations currently in use bydemonstrating efficacy on numerous types of trees and numerous harmfulinsects, causing no chemical damage, and containing an active ingredientthat has a higher degree of insecticidal activity than organicphosphorus-based chemicals and other existing active ingredients.

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

As a result of extensive researches into solving these problems, theinventors of the present invention found that the blending of aneonicotinoid-based insecticide component demonstrates efficacy even insmall amounts on harmful insects of numerous types of trees.

Neonicotinoid-based compounds per se are known, and thiamethoxam, forexample, is used as an agricultural insecticide. However, the injectionof these compounds into the trunk of a tree for the purpose ofpreventing damage to numerous types of trees by harmful insects hasnever been reported.

On the other hand, since there are some neonicotinoid-based compoundsthat have low solubility in water, they have poor dispersivity within atree body even if injected into the tree body after dissolving in anorganic solvent, resulting in the occurrence of problems witheradication effects on harmful insects.

In the composition of the present invention, the type and amount ofsurfactant are selected and adjusted to prevent damage to numerous typesof trees by improving solubility in water of nicotinoid-based compoundsinherently having a low level of aqueous solubility to facilitatedispersion of the compound within the tree body and demonstrate stableeradication effects.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Namely, the present invention is a method for preventing damage to treesby injecting into a tree a composition containing an insecticide orbactericide active ingredient, surfactant for which the type and amountare limited, water and/or an organic solvent, and dispersing thatcomposition within the tree body to prevent and eradicate variousharmful insects while causing no chemical damage.

There are no particular restrictions on the type of tree, and examplesinclude not only mountain trees such as pine, cedar and cypress, butalso fruit trees such as citrus, apple, pear, fig, persimmon, peach,grape, chestnut, cherry, plum, prune, loquat, oleaster and apricottrees, flowering trees such as lilac, sasanqua, camellia, althea andcherry trees, and yard trees such as oak, gardenia, devilwood and mapletrees.

Examples of harmful insects include infestation insects such as goldbeetles, leaf folders, caterpillars, sawflys and miters, sap-suckinginsects such as aphids, coccids, and Ceroplastes rubens, hole-boringinsects such as long-horned beetles, wood borers, weevils and lessergrain borers, harmful insects that cause damage by growing inside treessuch as nematodes, harmful insects such as spider mites, and harmfulinsects that cause diseases such as mildew, black spot disease, blackstar disease, red star disease, rust disease, white spot disease, roundspot disease, soot disease, root rot and swollen leaf disease.

Examples of insecticide or bactericide active ingredients that areeffective in controlling these harmful insects includeneonicotinoid-based insecticides such as thiamethoxam, acetamiprid,clotianidin, dinotefuran, thiacloprid, and imidacloprid, acaricides suchas pyrimidifen, tebufenpyrad and chlorphenapyr, macrolide-basednematode-controlling agents and acaricides such as avermectin,milvemectin and nemadectin, ergosterol biosynthesis-inhibitingantimicrobials such as triflumizole, bitertanol and fenarimol,dithiocarbamate-based antimicrobials such as thiuram, zineb andmancozeb, carbendazim-producing antimicrobials such as benomyl andzetophencarb, and antibiotics such as kasugamycin, polyoxine andstreptomycin. These insecticide or bactericide active ingredients may beused alone or as a combination of two or more types.

Since many of these active ingredients are hardly soluble in water,simply dissolving the active ingredient in an organic solvent does notallow the obtaining stable effects in nearly all cases due to poordispersion within the tree body as a result of the active ingredient notbeing dissolved in the flow of sap through the trunk. Consequently, theuse of a surfactant is an effective means for dissolving the activeingredient in the trunk flow. There are no particular restrictions onthe surfactant used, and a nonionic, anionic or cationic surfactant maybe used.

Examples of anionic surfactants used in the composition of the presentinvention include alkyl sulfate esters, alkane sulfonates, alkyl benzenesulfonates, alkyl phosphate esters, N-acyl sarcosine salts, N-acylalanine salts and succinates, cationic surfactants such as alkyl amines,alkyl trimethyl ammonium salts, dialkyl dimethyl ammonium salts, alkyldimethyl benzyl ammonium salts and alkyl pyridinium salts, and nonionicsurfactants such as polyoxyethylene castor oils, polyoxyethylenehardened castor oils, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, polyoxyethylenealkyl phenyl ethers, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ether formaldehydecondensation products, polyoxyethylene allyl phenyl ethers,polyoxyethylene allyl phenyl ether formaldehyde condensation products,polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters, polyoxyalkylene alkyl ethers,sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters,polyoxyethylene sorbitol fatty acid esters, polyglycerin fatty acidesters, sucrose fatty acid esters and propylene glycol mono fatty acidesters.

Among these, a suitable nonionic surfactant is normally used alone or asa mixture with an anionic surfactant. In addition, since there are caseswhere chemical damage may be caused according to the type of treedepending on the type and blended amount of surfactant, it is necessaryto suitably adjust the surfactant according to the target tree type.Preferable examples of nonionic surfactants particularly includepolyoxyethylene hardened castor oils, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers,polyoxyalkylene alkyl ethers, polyoxyethylene allyl phenyl ethers andpolyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters.

The solvent used in the composition of the present invention ispreferably that which is easily miscible with water, examples of whichinclude lower alcohols such as methanol and ethanol, ethers such asdioxane and tetrahydrofuran, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethylketone and cyclohexanone, esters such as ethyl acetate and butylacetate, sulfoxides such as dimethyl sulfoxide, nitriles such asacetonitrile, pyrrolidones such as N-methylpyrrolidone andN-ethylpyrrolidone, amides such as N,N-dimethylformamide, and glycolssuch as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and diethylene glycol, theiresters and their ethers.

Since the composition may not be injected into the tree body if theviscosity is excessively high, normally a solvent having low viscosityis preferable. In addition, since these organic solvents may also causechemical damage according to the type of tree depending on the type andblended amount in the same manner as surfactant, it is necessary tosuitably adjust the solvent according to the target tree type.

Fertilizer components and trace elements and so forth that have theaction of activating trees and plants can also be blended into thecomposition of the present invention as other components. The injectionof these components into a tree body after blending into the compositionis an effective method for activating trees that have been emaciated byinsect damage. In addition to the three major fertilizer elements ofnitrogen, phosphorus and potash, these components also include traceelements such as calcium, sulfur, zinc, copper, molybdenum, boron, iron,manganese, magnesium and various vitamins.

Although the amount of each component of the composition of the presentinvention may be suitably altered, an active ingredient can be containedat about 0.1 to 20% by weight and preferably about 1 to 10% by weight, asurfactant at about 0 to 20% by weight and preferably about 0 to 10% byweight, and an organic solvent at about 30-80% by weight and preferablyabout 40 to 70% by weight.

The composition of the present invention is prepared by uniformlydissolving each of these components. The preparation method consists ofmixing and dissolving the entire amount using a mixer in a tank of asuitable size.

The method for applying the present composition to trees consists ofdrilling a hole in the tree trunk, and injecting the composition of thepresent invention contained in a suitable container either withoutapplying pressure or under pressure. The amount applied is suitablyadjusted according to the size of the tree, target harmful insect,degree of damage and so forth.

EXAMPLES

Although the following provides a detailed explanation of the contentsof the present invention through its examples, the present invention isnot limited to these examples.

Example 1 Insecticidal Activity Tests on Various Harmful Insects

Insecticidal activity tests were conducted according to the followingmethods against various harmful insects for the neonicotinoid-basedcompound, thiamethoxam. Furthermore, tests were conducted usingfenitrothion, an organic phosphorus-based compound, as a control inorder to compare insecticidal activity. The test results are shown inTables 1 to 3.

Test Methods 1. Insecticidal Activity Test on Japanese Pine Sawyer

After uniformly spraying pine feed trees with spraying solutions atprescribed concentrations using a sprayer, adult Japanese pine sawyerswere used in testing to investigate the progress of their mortality anddegree of infestation.

TABLE 1 Results of Chemical Insecticidal Activity Test on Adult JapanesePine Sawyer Spraying solution Mortality (%) Average concentration AfterAfter After infested Test Chemical (ppm) 1 day 3 days 7 days area (cm²)Thiamethoxam 40 100 0.3 20 80 100 0.4 10 70 80 100 0.5 5 10 60 100 1.8Fenitrothion 40 90 100 1.6 20 20 70 100 2.4 10 0 50 80 8.6 5 10 10 1023.3 Control 0 0 0 23.8

2. Insecticidal Activity Test on Pine Caterpillar Larva

The mortality of pine caterpillar larva was investigated after uniformlyspraying pine feed trees and pine caterpillar larva with sprayingsolutions at prescribed concentrations using a sprayer.

TABLE 2 Results of Chemical Insecticidal Activity Test on PineCaterpillar Larva Spraying solution Mortality (%) concentration AfterTest Chemical (ppm) 1 day After 3 days After 7 days Thiamethoxam 200 80100 100 50 80 100 50 20 60 80 20 10 40 50 Fenitrothion 1000 100 500 80100 200 30 60 60 100 10 10 20 Control 0 0 0

3. Insecticidal Activity Test on Fall Webworm Larva

The progress of the mortality of fall webworm larva was investigatedafter uniformly spraying feed trees (cherry) and fall webworm larva withspraying solutions at prescribed concentrations using a sprayer.

TABLE 3 Results of Chemical Insecticidal Activity Test on Fall WebwormLarva Spraying solution Mortality (%) concentration After Test Chemical(ppm) 1 day After 3 days After 7 days Thiamethoxam 300 80 100 200 30 90100 100 20 80 80 50 0 30 50 Fenitrothion 1000 100 500 80 100 200 30 6070 100 0 10 20 control 0 0 0

Test Results

As is clear from the test results shown in Tables 1 to 3, thiamethoxam,which is a kind of neonicotinoid-based compound, was observed todemonstrate a wide range of insecticidal activity at a lower chemicalconcentration than organic phosphorus-based insecticides used in theprior art for eradication of insects harmful to trees.

Example 2 Investigation of Insecticidal Effects and Chemical Damage ofVarious Formulations

Compositions containing 4% thiamethoxam, which is a kind ofneonicotinoid-based compound, were obtained according to theformulations shown in Table 4. These compositions and compositionshaving as their active ingredient an organic phosphorus-basedinsecticide used as a comparative control were injected into cherry,pine and camellia trees followed by the collection of leaf samplesroughly three months later and giving those samples to each harmfulinsect as food to investigate insecticidal effects. In addition, thepresence of chemical damage over time was also investigated afterinjection. The injected amount was set at 600 ml per 1 m³ of timbervolume of each tree. Those results are shown in Tables 5 to 9.

TABLE 4 Injection Preparation Formulas Formula No. Raw Material Name 1 23 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Thiamethoxam bulk 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0drug Organic phosphorus- 4.0 based bulk drug Diethylene glycol 30.0Cyclohexanone 30.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 N-Methylpyrrolidone 30.0N,N-Dimethylformamide 30.0 Acetone 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.020.0 20.0 20.0 Methanol 31.0 31.0 31.0 31.0 41.0 41.0 41.0 41.0 41.041.0 Water 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 NK1001) 10.0 10.010.0 10.0 NK1352) 10.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 NK13723) 10.0 NK15484) 10.0 NK41C5)3.0 NK41B6) 3.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0100.0 100.0 Notes: 1)Polyoxyethylene hardened castor oil2)Polyoxyethylene styryl phenyl ether 3)Polyoxyethylene nonyl phenylether 4)Polyoxyethylene oleyl ether 5)Calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate6)Sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate

TABLE 5 Results of Insecticidal Effects Against Fall Webworm (Cherry)Mortality (%) Formula No. After 1 day After 3 days After 7 days After 10days 1 30 100 2 30 90 100 3 50 100 4 30 80 100 5 40 80 100 6 20 40 80 807 10 40 60 70 8 50 100 9 60 100 10 0 0 10 10

TABLE 6 Results of Insecticidal Effects Against Pine Caterpillar (Pine)Mortality (%) Formula No. After 1 day After 3 days After 7 days After 10days 1 70 100 2 100 3 80 100 4 70 90 100 5 100 6 0 30 60 60 7 30 80 8080 8 90 100 9 80 100 10 0 0 0 0

TABLE 7 Results of Insecticidal Effects Against Japanese Pine Sawyer(Pine) Mortality (%) Formula No. After 1 day After 3 days After 7 daysAfter 10 days 1 10 70 100 2 0 50 100 3 10 50 100 4 20 80 100 5 10 90 1006 0 40 50 60 7 0 50 70 70 8 0 100 9 10 90 100 10 0 0 0 0

TABLE 8 Results of Insecticidal Effects Against Tea Tussock Moth(Camellia) Mortality (%) Formula No. After 1 day After 3 days After 7days After 10 days 1 100 2 90 100 3 100 4 80 100 5 90 100 6 20 50 70 707 10 40 50 50 8 100 9 90 100 10 0 0 0 0

TABLE 9 Results of Investigation of Chemical Damage Presence of ChemicalDamage Formula No. Cherry Pine Camellia 1 None None None 2 None NoneNone 3 Leaf discoloration None None and falling leaves after 4 months 4Leaf discoloration None None and falling leaves after 4 months 5 NoneNone None 6 None None None 7 None None None 8 Leaf discoloration NoneNone and falling leaves after 3 months 9 Leaf discoloration None Noneand falling leaves after 3 months 10 None None None

Based on the test results shown in Tables 5 to 9, all of thecompositions of the present invention exhibited stable control effectsin comparison with the preparations of organic phosphorus-basedcompounds used as comparative controls. However, Formula Nos. 3, 4, 8and 9 caused chemical damage to cherry trees. This is thought to be dueto the types and amounts of organic solvents and surfactants blendedinto these compositions, and was determined in these series of tests. Inaddition, since

Formulas Nos. 6 and 7 exhibited effects that were slightly inferior tothe other formulas, this is thought to be due to poor dispersion ofchemical within the tree body. On the basis of these findings, it wasdetermined that there are differences in dispersion of chemical withinthe tree body as well as differences in stability of effects due todifferences in the combination of surfactant and organic solvent, andthese findings were obtained in this series of tests.

Example 3 Effect Confirmation Test of a Mixed Preparation

Compositions were obtained that contained 4% of thiamethoxam, a kind ofneonicotinoid-based compound, and 2% of emamectin benzoate, a kind ofmacrolide-based compound, according to the formula shown in Table 10.These compounds were injected into 100 black pine trees havingchest-high diameter of 15 to 30 cm, and a control group of 100 blackpine trees treated with no chemical was separately established followedby a comparison of the degree of withering caused by natural damage.Those results are shown in Table 11.

TABLE 10 Formulation of Injection Preparation Raw Material Name AmountBlended (%) Thiamethoxam bulk drug 4.0 Emamectin benzoate 2.0 bulk drugCyclohexanone 30.0 NK135 10.0 Water 5.0 Acetone 20.0 Methanol 29.0 Total100.0

TABLE 11 Results of Investigation of Withering Number of Number ofsurviving withered Withering rate Number of test trees trees trees (%)Injected 100 99 1 1.0 group Untreated 100 81 19 19.0 group

As is shown in Table 11, although the withering rate in the untreatedgroup was 19.0%, the withering rate was only 1.0% in the group injectedwith the composition of the present invention, thereby demonstratingextremely high efficacy in preventing withering.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The present invention provides a composition that allows the obtainingof stable effects by blending a neonicotinoid-based compound having ahigh level of insecticidal activity, or blending surfactant and organicsolvent with a neonicotinoid-based compound having a low degree ofaqueous solubility, and is formulated so as to prevent chemical damagein numerous types of trees by adjusting the types and amounts ofsurfactant and organic solvent. In addition, the present inventionprovides a method for preventing damage to trees by harmful insects ofnumerous types of trees by injecting this composition into a tree trunk.

Harmful insects of numerous types of trees can be controlled by thepresent invention without having to spray chemicals. As a result, sincethere is no longer any scattering of chemicals or direct contact withchemicals, health impairment and detrimental effects on workers andsurrounding residents can be eliminated, and concerns over contaminationof the soil, rivers and oceans are not necessary, thereby enabling thepresent invention to make a significant contribution in terms ofenvironmental protection as well.

1. A method for the prevention of damage to trees caused by harmfulinsects by injecting into a tree trunk a composition containingclothianidin or dinotefuran.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein thecomposition comprising clothianidin or dinotefuran further comprises atleast one solvent miscible with water or at least one surfactant, inwhich clothianidin or dinotefuran is dissolved.
 3. The method of claim2, wherein the at least one solvent is selected from the groupconsisting of alcohols, ethers, ketones, esters, sulfoxides, nitrites,pyrrolidones, amides and glycols.
 4. The method of claim 2 wherein theat least one surfactant is selected from the group consisting ofpolyoxyethylene hardened caster oils, polyoxyalkylene alkyl ethers,polyoxyalkylene allyl phenyl ethers, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acidesters, polyoxyethylene sorbitol fatty acid esters, polyglyercin fattyacid esters and sucrose fatty acid esters.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein damage is prevented by eradicating leaf-eating insects,sap-sucking insects and hole-boring insects and wherein the methodcomprises dispersing the composition into the tree body and leaves. 6.(canceled)
 7. A method for the prevention of damage to pine trees byJapanese pine sawyer and/or pine caterpillar larva and damage to cherrytrees by fall webworm larvae, said method comprising spraying said treeswith a composition comprising thiamethoxam.
 8. A method for controllingfall webworm on cherry trees, pine caterpillar and Japanese pine sawyeron pine trees and/or tea tussock moth on camellia trees, said methodcomprising injecting said trees with a formulation of thiamethoxamcomprising: a) 4% thiamethoxam, 30% diethylene glycol, 20% acetone, 31%methanol, 5% water and 10% polyoxyethylene hardened castor oil; b) 4%thiamethoxam, 30% cyclohexanone, 20% acetone, 31% methanol, 5% water and10% polyoxyethylene hardened castor oil; c) 4% thiamethoxam, 20%cyclohexanone, 20% acetone, 41% methanol, 5% water and 10%polyoxyethylene styryl phenyl ether; d) 4% thiamethoxam, 30%N-methylpyrrolidone, 20% acetone, 31% methanol, 5% water and 10%polyoxyethylene hardened castor oil; e) 4% thiamethoxam, 30%N,N-dimethylformamide, 20% acetone, 31% methanol, 5% water and 10%polyoxyethylene hardened castor oil; f) 4% thiamethoxam, 20%cyclohexanone, 20% acetone, 41% methanol, 5% water, 7% polyoxyethylenestyryl phenyl ether and 3% calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate; or g) 4%thiamethoxam, 20% cyclohexanone, 20% acetone, 41% methanol, 5% water, 7%polyoxyethylene styryl phenyl ether and 3% sodium alkyl benzenesulfonate.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the formulation ofthiamethoxam comprises: a) 4% thiamethoxam, 30% diethylene glycol, 20%acetone, 31% methanol, 5% water and 10% polyoxyethylene hardened castoroil; b) 4% thiamethoxam, 30% cyclohexanone, 20% acetone, 31% methanol,5% water and 10% polyoxyethylene hardened castor oil; or c) 4%thiamethoxam, 20% cyclohexanone, 20% acetone, 41% methanol, 5% water and10% polyoxyethylene styryl phenyl ether;
 10. A method for preventingwithering of black pine trees comprising injecting said tree with aformulation of thiamethoxam and emamectin benzoate comprising 4%thiamethoxam, 2% emamectin benzoate, 30% cyclohexanone, 10%polyoxyethylene styryl phenyl ether, 5% water, 20% acetone and 29%methano.